RESUMEN EN INGLÉS DE FINLANDIA

Finland was a part of Sweden until in 1809 it was annexed by the Imperial Russia, happening to be the Great autonomous Duchy of Finland until 1917, when it obtained the independence. Nowadays, Finland is a parliamentary and democratic republic, and is a member of the United Nations from 1955, as well as of the European Union from 1995. The economy of Finland is one of the most prosperous in the continent, being based on the important sectors of services, as well as of manufacture. In the country a welfare state exists, as well as a highly democratic politics and with extremely low levels of corruption.

RESUMEN EN INGLÉS DEL PARAGUAY

Before the Spanish domination , the country was inhabited by semi-nomadic tribes of the Tupi-Guarani language family , which had reached a Neolithic cultural development ( slash , hunting, fishing , ceramics ) type .The Portuguese Alejo García , shipwrecked expedition of J. Díaz de Solís , arrived from the Brazilian coast , across the Chaco , to the foothills of the Andes ( 1521 ) . Later in 1527, Sebastian Cabot began exploring the River Plate and up the Parana River reached the current territories Paraguay .Juan Martínez de Irala Ayolas and conducted their exploration from 1536, 1537 and Gonzalo de Mendoza and Juan de Salazar founded the fort that gave birth to the city of Asuncion. Irala in 1541 , Buenos Aires and concentrated depopulated the conquistadors in the new foundation , until the subsequent repopulation of the River Plate moved the capital back the heart of the conquest , separating the governorates of Rio de la Plata and Paraguay Guaira or .In the latter played an important role Hernandárias Hernando Arias de Saavedra (1598-1618) , and colonization it also acquired a particular way with the Jesuit , rural communities aimed at the cultural and economic development of indigenous , parallel to its evangelization.Soon they aroused the hostility of the trustees , as opposed to privileges that benefited the Jesuits and deprived of Indian labor , and oestalló revolution of the Communards of Paraguay (1717-1735) , which represented one of the first steps towards independence .In the subsequent process of emancipation , Paraguayans patriots annexation also faced claims of Buenos Aires and Brazil.In 1811 a governing junta deposed and replaced the last Spanish governors , Paraguay independence without getting bloody battles .Later, in 1813 , through a general Congress , proclaimed the Republic and imposed a double consulate , designating as Consuls General F. Yegros , then president of the Board, and J. Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia , former member of the triumvirate of the Government.France managed to win a Yegros and in 1814 it was erected into a supreme dictator from 1816 became perpetual dictator. His term was marked by the complete isolation of the nation , orienting the economy towards full self-sufficiency , and also by a radical egalitarianism in the education system , limited to primary education , as in the military, where the hierarchy is limited to scale NCOs.After his death ( 1840 ) , and after a brief consulate , two new absolute dictators adamantly promoted the opening and modernization of the country : C. A. Lopez (1844-1862) and his son F. S. López ( 1862-1870 ) .The defeat in the War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870) , against Argentina , Uruguay and Brazil , which killed F. S. López , the Paraguayan population decimated and left the nation mired in a political and economic chaos. This instability characterize the last third of the century and the first decades of the next, until the Chaco War against Bolivia (1932-1935) , which represented a modest territorial expansion in the northern Chaco region .In 1939 he was elected President General J. F. Estigarribia , whose early death (1940 ) thwarted his fledgling liberal opening and led to the long dictatorship of H. Morínigo ( 1940-1948 ) .Occurred after several presidential changes and a populist attempt to more presidential term with F. Chaves (1949-1954 ) .This was overthrown by a military egolpe led by General A. Stroessner, who after a temporary intermediate personally was president and reelected in subsequent elections becoming the sole candidate of the Colorado Party , introduced a dictatorship as durable as arbitrary .He was overthrown by one of his closest collaborators , General A. Rodríguez (1989-1992) , until the elections after the new constitution of 1992 rose to the presidency J. C. Wasmosy , colorado civil party candidate (1993 ) .